Auditing & Training in ESD

Your static control program is up and running. How do you determine whether it is effective? How do you make sure your employees follow it? In Part Three, we covered the necessary static control procedures and materials of your ESD Control Program.  

TRAINING FOR PERSONNEL 

The procedures are in place. The materials are in use. But, your ESD Control Program just does not seem to yield the expected results. Failures declined initially, but they have begun reversing direction. Or perhaps there was little improvement. The solutions might not be apparent in inspection reports of incoming ESD protective materials. Nor in the wrist strap log of test results. In large companies or small, it is hard to overestimate the role of training in an ESD Control Program. ANSI/ESD S20.20 and IEC 61340-5-1 ESD Control Program standards cite training as a necessary administrative requirement within an ESD Control Program.

There is significant evidence to support the contribution of training to the success of the program. We would not send employees to the factory floor without the proper soldering skills or the knowledge to operate the automated insertion equipment. We should provide them with the same skill level regarding ESD control procedures.

ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE TRAINING PROGRAMS

Although individual requirements cause training programs to vary from company to company, several common threads run through the successful programs.

1. Successful training programs cover all affected employees.

We train the line employees who handle ESD susceptible (ESDS) items and typically test their wrist straps or place finished products in ESD protective packaging. But we also include department heads, upper management, and executive personnel in the process. Typically they are responsible for the day-to-day supervision and administration of the program or provide leadership and support. Even subcontractors and suppliers should be considered for inclusion in the training program if they are directly involved in handling your ESDS items.

Because ESD Control Programs cover such various job disciplines and educational levels, it may be necessary to develop specialized training modules for each organizational entity. For example, the modules developed for management, engineering, assembly technicians, and field service could differ significantly from one another because their day-to-day concerns and responsibilities are much different. Also, further education and skills should be considered.

2.   Effective training is comprehensive and consistent.

Training covers specific procedures and the physics of the problem and the benefits of the program as well. Consistent content across various groups, facilities, and even countries (adjusted for cultural differences) reduces confusion and ensures conformance. The training content should include Practicalthe fundamentals of static electricity and electrostatic discharges, the details of the organization's ESD Control Program Plan, and each person's role in that Plan.

3.   Use a variety of training tools and techniques.

Choose the methods that will work best for your organization. Combine live instruction with training videos or interactive computer-based programs. You may have in-house instructors available, or you may need to go outside the company to find instructors or training materials. You can also integrate industry symposia, tutorials, and workshops into your program. Consider using this "Fundamentals of ESD" series of articles.

Effective training involves employees in the process. Reinforce the message with demonstrations of ESD events and their impact. Bulletin boards, newsletters, and posters provide additional reminders and reinforcement.

Maintaining a central repository for educational ESD control materials will help your employees keep current or answer questions that may occur outside the formal training sessions. Materials in such a repository might include:

• Material from initial and recurring training sessions
• ESD Association or internal bulletins or newsletters
• DVDs or CDs
• Computer-based training materials
• Technical papers, studies, standards (e.g., ESD Association, IEC,

JEDEC), test methods, and technical reports

• ESD control material and equipment product technical data sheets

Also, a knowledgeable person in the organization should answer trainee questions once they have begun working.

4.   Test, certify and retrain.

Your training should assure comprehension, material retention, and emphasize the importance of the effort. If properly implemented, testing and certification motivate and builds employee pride. Retraining or refresher training is an ongoing process that reinforces, reminds, and provides opportunities for implementing new or improved procedures. Establish a system to highlight when employees are due for retraining, retesting, or recertification.

5.   Feedback, compliance verification, and measurement.

Motivate and provide a mechanism for program improvement. Sharing yield or productivity, quality, and reliability data with employees demonstrates the program’s effectiveness and efforts. Tracking these same numbers can indicate that it's time for retraining or whether modifications are required in the training program.

The design and delivery of an effective ESD training program can be just as important as the procedures and materials used in your ESD Control Program. Without an effective personnel training program, investments in ESD materials can be wasted. A training program built on identifiable and measurable performance goals helps assure employee understanding, employee implementation, and employee success.

A critical method of training effectiveness is observing the operator in the EPA following ESD control procedures and precautions. Non-compliance with required ESD Control Program practices should be treated in the same manner as other impermissible actions handled through the company's disciplinary process. This includes verbal warnings, retraining, written warnings, and eventually re-assignment or termination.

COMPLIANCE VERIFICATION AUDITING

Developing and implementing an ESD Control Program itself is evident. What might not be so obvious is the need to continually review, verify, analyze, feedback, and improve. You will be asked to continuously identify the program's financial return on investment and justify expenditures with the cost savings realized. Technological changes will dictate improvements and modifications. Feedback to employees and top management is essential. Management commitment will need continuous reinforcement.

Like training, regular program compliance verification and auditing becomes a critical factor in the successful management of ESD Control Programs. The mere presence of the auditing process spurs compliance with program procedures. It helps strengthen management's commitment. Program compliance verification reports should trigger required corrective action and support foster continuous improvement.

The benefits to be gained from regular compliance verification of ESD control procedures are numerous.

• Prevent problems before they occur rather than always fightingfires.

• Identify problems and take corrective action.
• Identify areas in which our programs may be weak and provide us

with the information required for continuous improvement.

• Leverage limited resources virtually.
• Determine when our employees need to be retrained.
• Improve yields, productivity, and reliability.
• Bind our ESD program together into a successful effort.

An ESD Control Program compliance verification audit measures performance to the ESD Control Program Plan's required limits. Typically, we think of the ESD program compliance verification as a periodic review and inspection of the ESD protective area (EPA) verifying the correct use of packaging materials, wearing wrist straps, following defined procedures, and similar items. Auditing can range from informal surveys of the processes and facilities to the more formal third-party audits for ISO 9000 or ANSI/ESD S20.20 certification.

REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE COMPLIANCE VERIFICATION

Regardless of the structure, adequate compliance verification revolves around several factors. First, the existence of a written and well-defined ESD Control Program Plan with defined required limits for each ESD control item and protective material in the EPA. It is difficult to measure performance if you do not have anything to measure against. Yet, you quite frequently hear an auditor ask, "Some people say you should measure less than 500 volts in an EPA, but others say you should measure less than 100 volts. What's acceptable when I audit the factory floor?" This question indicates a lack of a formal ESD Control Program Plan defined required limits and test procedures, and the audit will be relatively ineffective.

Second, the taking of some measurements – typically measuring resistance and detecting charge or fields’ presence. Therefore, you will need test equipment to conduct compliance verification measurements of the EPA’s ESD control items and protective materials. As a minimum, you will need an electrostatic field meter, a high range resistance meter, a ground AC outlet tester, and appropriate electrodes and accessories.

Third, include all areas in which ESD control is required to protect electrostatic discharge susceptible (ESDS) items. Typically included are receiving, inspection, stores and warehouses, assembly, test and inspection, research and development, packaging, field service repair, offices and laboratories, and cleanrooms. All the areas listed in the ESD Control Program Plan are subject to compliance verification. Even the areas excluded from the Plan need to be reviewed to ensure that unprotected ESDS items are not handled in those areas. If devices do enter those areas (e.g., Engineering and Design), mechanisms must be put in place to ensure that they are handled as a non-conforming product.  Similarly, we need to audit all of the various processes, materials, and procedures used in our ESD Control Programs  – personnel, equipment, wrist straps, floors, clothing, worksurfaces, continuous monitors, seating, training, and grounding.

Fourth, we need to conduct compliance verification audits frequently and regularly. Compliance Verification test procedures listed in TR53 are used to identify if significant changes have occurred to the performance of ESD control equipment and protective materials used in the EPA. However, the user must determine the frequency (and if sampling is appropriate).

Examples of how to test frequencies are considered:

• Daily wrist strap checks are sufficient in some applications, wherein other operations, constant wrist strap monitoring may be used for added operator grounding reliability.
• Packaging checks may depend on the composition of the packaging and its use. Some packaging may have static control properties that deteriorate more quickly with time and use, and some packaging may be humidity dependent and may have a limited shelf life.

Some materials, such as floor finishes, may require more frequent monitoring because of their lack of permanency. Other materials, such as vinyl floor covering, may require less monitoring. The testing of a base should also be considered after maintenance on the floor has been performed."

The actual frequency of compliance verification audits upon your facility and the ESD problems that you have. Following an ESD Control Program initial audit, some experts recommend auditing each department once a month if possible and probably a minimum of six times per year. If this seems like a high-frequency level, remember that these regular verification audits are based upon a sampling of work areas in each department, not necessarily every workstation. Once you have gotten your program underway, your frequency of audit will be based on your experience. If your audits regularly show acceptable conformance levels and performance, you can reduce the frequency and the sampling. If, on the other hand, your audits regularly uncover continuing problems, you will want to increase the frequency and the sample.

Fifth, we need to maintain trend charts and detailed records and prepare reports. They help assure that specified procedures are followed regularly. The documents are essential for quality control purposes, corrective action, and compliance with ISO-9000.

Finally, upon completion of the compliance verification audit, it is essential to implement corrective action if deficiencies are discovered. Trends need to be tracked and analyzed to help establish disciplinary action, including retraining of personnel, revision of requirement documents or processes, or modification of the existing facility.

TYPES OF AUDITS

There are three types of ESD audits: program management audits, quality process checking, and ESD Control Program compliance verification (workplace) audit. Each class is distinctively different, and each is vitally important to the success of the ESD Control Program.

Program management audits measure how well a program is managed and the strength of the management committee. The program management audit emphasizes factors such as implementing an effective implementation plan, realistic program requirements, ESD training programs, regular compliance verification audits, and other critical aspects of program management. The program management audit typically is conducted by a survey specifically tailored to the elements being reviewed. Because it's a survey, the audit could be performed without actually visiting the site. The results of this audit indirectly measure workplace compliance and are particularly useful as a means of self-assessment for small companies and large global corporations.

Quality process checking applies statistical quality control techniques to the ESD process and is performed by operations personnel. This is not a periodic verification audit, but instead tracking daily effectiveness of the program. Visual and electrical checks of the procedures and materials, wrist strap testing, for example, are used to monitor the ESD control process’s quality. Checking is done on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis.

Trend charts and detailed records trigger process adjustments and corrective action. They help assure that specified procedures are followed regularly. The documents are essential for quality control purposes, disciplinary action, and compliance with ISO 9000.

ESD Control Program Compliance Verification audits to verify that program procedures are followed and that ESD control equipment and protective materials are within required limits or are functioning correctly. Compliance Verification audits are performed regularly, often monthly, and utilize sampling techniques and statistical analysis of the results. The use of detailed checklists and a single auditor assures that all items are covered and that the audits are performed consistently over time.

BASIC AUDITING INSTRUMENTATION

The special test equipment will be required to conduct EPA compliance verification. The specific test equipment will depend on what you are trying to measure, the precision you require, and your static control and material evaluation program’s sophistication. However, as a minimum, you will need an electrostatic field meter, a high range resistance meter, a ground/AC outlet tester, and appropriate electrodes and accessories. Additional test equipment might include a charged plate monitor, footwear and wrist strap testers, chart recorders/data acquisition systems and timing devices, discharge simulators, and ESD event detectors.

Although this equipment must be accurate and calibrated according to the manufacturer's recommendations, it needs not to be as sophisticated as laboratory instruments. The compliance verification audit is intended to verify essential functions and not for product qualification of ESD control equipment or protective materials. You want the right tool for the job. Just as you would not buy a hammer if you are planning to saw wood, you would not purchase an electrometer to measure static voltages on a production line. Remember, many of the test equipment you might choose for compliance verification are good indicators, but not suitable for precise evaluation of materials. However, be sure that you can correlate the factory floor measurements with those obtained in the laboratory. If you are making measurements according to specific standards or test methods, be sure the instrumentation meets those documents’ requirements.

With a hand-held electrostatic field meter, you can measure the presence of electrostatic fields in your environment, allowing you to identify problems and monitor your ESD Control Program. These instruments measure the electrostatic field associated with a charged object. Many electrostatic field meters simply measure the electrostatic field’s gross level and should be used as general indicators of the presence of a charge and the approximate level of the electrical potential of the charge. Others will provide more precise measurements for material evaluation and comparison.

For greater precision in facility measurements or for laboratory evaluation, a charged plate monitor is a useful instrument that can be used in many different ways, such as evaluating the performance of flooring materials or measuring the offset voltage (balance) and discharge times of ionizers.

Because the grounding is so essential, resistance is one of the critical factors in evaluating ESD protective materials. A high range of resistance meter becomes a crucial instrument. Most resistance measurements are made using a 100 volt or 10-volt test voltage. The resistance meter you choose should be capable of applying these voltages to the materials being tested. The meter should also be capable of measuring resistance ranges of 1.0 x 103 to 1.0 x 1012 ohms. With the proper electrodes and cables, you will be able to measure the resistance of flooring materials, work surfaces, equipment, furniture, garments, and some packaging materials.

The final instrument is a ground/AC outlet tester. With this device, you can measure the continuity of your ESD grounds, check the impedance of the equipment grounding conductor (3rd wire AC ground), and verify that the wiring of power outlets in the EPA is correct.

AREAS, PROCESSES, AND MATERIALS TO BE AUDITED

Previously we stated that ESD protection was required "wherever unprotected ESDS items are handled." Our audits need to include these same areas. Table 1 indicates some of the physical places that may be part of the ESD Control Program Plan and, therefore, will be involved in Compliance Verification Audits. Remember, some areas may be excluded from the Plan depending on the Scope of the Plan.

As noted in Part 3 Table 1, Typical Facility Areas Requiring ESD Protection

Similarly, we need to conduct Compliance Verification audits of all the various requirements used in our ESD Control Program Plan. Some of these are shown in Table 2.

CHECKLISTS

Checklists can be helpful tools for conducting Compliance Verification audits. However, ESD Control Program requirements must be well documented and accessible to avoid checklists becoming de facto lists of requirements. Table 3 indicates the type of questions and information that might be included in an auditing checklist. Other indexes are in the ESD Handbook ESD TR20.20. Your indexes, of course, will be based on your specific needs and program requirements. They should conform to your actual ESD control procedures and specifications, and they should be consistent with any ISO 9000 requirements you may have. For ANSI/ESD S20.20 based ESD Control Programs, the recognized Certification Bodies (Registrars) use a formal checklist supplied by the ESD Association to conduct the Certification Audit.

In addition to checklists, you will use various forms for recording the measurements you make: resistance, voltage generation, etc. Part of your compliance verification audit will also include the daily logs used on the factory floor, such as those used for wrist strap checking.

REPORTING AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

Upon completion of the compliance verification auditing process, Reports should be prepared and distributed in a timely manner. Details of the audits need to be fully documented for ISO 9001 or ANSI/ESD S20.20 certification. As with all audits, it is essential to implement corrective action if deficiencies are discovered. Trends need to be tracked and analyzed to help establish corrective action, which may include retraining of personnel, revision of requirement documents or processes, or modification of the existing facility.

CONCLUSION

Compliance verification and personnel ESD control training are key ANSI/ESD S20.20 and IEC 61340-5-1 requirements to maintain an effective ESD Control Program. They help assure that handling procedures are properly implemented and can provide a management tool to gauge program effectiveness and to make continuous improvement.

FOR FURTHER REFERENCE

ANSI/ESD 20.20—Electrostatic Discharge Control Program, ESD Association, Rome, NY

ESD TR20.20, ESD Control Handbook, ESD Association, Rome, NY.

"An Effective ESD Awareness Training Program," Owen J. McAteer, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1980, ESD Association, Rome, NY.

"Facility Evaluation: Isolating Environmental ESD Issues," Stephen A. Halperin, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1980, ESD Association, Rome, NY.

"The Production Operator: Weak Link or Warrior in the ESD Battle?" G. E. Hansel, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1983, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"A Realistic and Systematic ESD Control Plan," G. T. Dangelmayer, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1984, ESD Association, Rome, NY.

"Employee Training for Successful ESD Control," G. T. Dangelmayer, E. S. Jesby, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1985, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"A Tailorable ESD Control Program for the Manufacturing Environment," Norman B. Fuqua, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1986, ESD Association, Rome, NY.

"Internal Quality Auditing and ESD Control," D. H. Smith, C.D. Rier, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1986, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"Developing and Maintaining an Effective ESD Training Program," F. Dinger, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1988, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"Standardized Qualification and Verification Procedures for Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protective Materials," Adrienne R. Kudlich, et al., EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1988, ESD Association, Rome, NY.

"Modular ESD Certification Training Program," M. Berkowitz, B. Hamel, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1989, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"Tracking Results of an ESD Control Program Within a Telecommunications Service Company," R. J. Zezulka, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1989, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"Development of a Corporate Standardization Program for ESD Control Materials and Products at Hughes Aircraft Company and Delco Electronics," J. L. Joyce, R. L. Johnson, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1991, ESD Association, Rome, NY.

"Implementation of Computer-Based ESD Training: A Case Study Comparing the Computer Approach with Traditional Classroom Techniques," J. Woodward-Jack, H. Sommerfeld, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1991, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"A Systematic ESD Program Revisited," G. T. Dangelmayer, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1992, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"You've Implemented An ESD Program –­ What's Next?" W. Y. McFarland, R. A. Brin, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1993, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"A Successful ESD Training Program," L. Snow, G. T. Dangelmayer, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1994, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"Implementing an ESD Program in a Multi-National Company: A Cross-Cultural Experience," W. H. Tan, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1994, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"Effectiveness of ESD Training Using Multimedia," G. Smalanskas, J. Mason, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1995, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"ESD Demonstrations to Increase Engineering and Manufacturing Awareness," G. Baumgartner, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1996, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"ESD Program Auditing: The Auditor's Perspective," T.L. Theis, et al., EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1997, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"Procedures For The Design, Analysis, and Auditing of Static Control Flooring/Footwear Systems," L. Fromm, et al., EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1997, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"Continuous Voltage Monitoring Techniques for Improved ESD Auditing," A. Wallash, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 2003, ESD Association, Rome, NY

"A Comparison of High-Frequency Voltage, Current and Field Probes and Implications for ESD/EOS/EMI Auditing," A. Wallash, V. Kraz, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 2007, ESD Association, Rome, NY

IEC 61340-5-1, "Electrostatics – Part 5.1: Protection of electronic devices from electrostatic phenomena – General requirements", IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007-08.